Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) utilizing polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes have emerged as a effective technology for wastewater treatment due to their ability to achieve high removal rates of organic matter, nutrients, and microorganisms. To optimize the performance of these systems, several key factors need to be meticulously considered. The

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have become a cutting-edge solution in wastewater treatment. They integrate the concepts of conventional activated sludge methods with advanced membrane filtration. This pioneering combination produces exceptional effluent quality, effectively reducing a wide range of Flatsheet MBR pollutants, including suspended solids,